How the Netherlands became a bicycle nation: Users,firms and intermediaries, 1860–1940

In 1925, the Netherlands was a country of cyclists and cycle producers, as all classes cycled and almost all cycles were produced domestically. The bicycle was not a Dutch invention and the country had an open economy, and this raises the question ‘how did the Netherlands become a bicycle nation?’ This article investigates the interactions of users, firms and intermediaries from 1860 to 1940 and how these impacted the bicycle, its production and its use. Furthermore, it analyses knowledge flows and the roles of intermediaries. It illustrates changes in activities and the relevance of interactions between users, firms and intermediaries, and the effects of World War I. It shows how user organisations created an infrastructure and culture which made cycling Dutch. Firms created a cartel which produced bicycles that were wanted and used by all Dutch, as they were made in the Netherlands.     

Measuring risky adolescent cycling behaviour

Adolescents are at a greater risk of being involved in traffic accidents than most other age groups, even before they start driving cars. This article aims to determine the factor structure of a self-report questionnaire measuring adolescent risky cycling behaviour, the ACBQ (Adolescent Cycling Behaviour Questionnaire). The questionnaire's structure was based on the widely used Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ). A sample of secondary school students (N = 1749; age range: 13–18 years) filled out the questionnaire. Factor analysis revealed a three-factor structure underlying the questionnaire, which was confirmed on two equally large portions of the entire sample. These three underlying factors were identified as errors, common violations and exceptional violations. The ACBQ is a useful instrument for measuring adolescents' risky cycling behaviour.     

大都市自行车发展策略研究

首先分析了大城市自行车交通的发展特征;其次,以北京市旧城区骑自行车居民为调查对象,探讨了自行车出行普遍存在的违章问题、停车问题以及公共单车租赁问题。在此基础上,提出了机非物理隔离、设置左转弯自行车待转线、设置自行车停车设施等改善策略。     

保护城市自行车交通及建立城市绿色交通系统

本文重新审视了自行车在城市交通中的重要地位。并对小汽车与自行车作为交通工具的优劣做了对比研究,分析了目前自行车交通逐渐受迫的现状及其原因,提出了建立城市绿色交通系统的概念及实施措施,强调了自行车交通在建立绿色交通系统中的重要作用。     

Urban bicycle tourism: path dependencies and innovation in Greater Copenhagen

Abstract

During the latest decade, a renaissance of bicycling in urban transportation has occurred in many Western European cities. This opens up for a development of bicycle tourism as a form of urban sustainable tourism, taking advantage of improved infrastructure and facilities for cycling tourists. The aim of this study is to conceptualise the dynamics behind the development of urban bicycle tourism. This development may be viewed as an innovative process based on incremental changes in local socio-technological mobility systems. An analytical framework is proposed, based on the following categories: urban planning, bicycle tourism services, communication, and place making. In the analysis, evidence from the Greater Copenhagen region is used to contextualise particularly these perspectives of the development of urban bicycle tourism. In each of the four categories, evidence of innovative services or procedures supporting bicycle tourism was found. However, the most important source of incremental innovation is likely to be found on a systemic level, between the actors in the destination. It is also argued that the development of urban bicycle tourism is highly path dependent, related to the local bicycle culture. Bicycle tourism should not be viewed as isolated from the locals’ everyday cycling.     

锌空气动力电池的应用与循环经济建设

从锌空气动力电池的反应物质、反应原理以及产品定型设计3个方面论述该电池的自身特性是符合循环经济建设需求的。大力推广锌空气动力电池的使用对促进电动自行车产业的深入发展以及实现广泛意义上的资源再生、循环经济都是有益的。     

绿色通道及其在生态城市中的作用

Greenways can be considered as linear open spaces along natural or artificial linear features such as rivers. shorelines, ridgelines, railroads, canals or roads. They are planned, designed, and managed to connect and protect ecological, scenic, recreational, historic, and cultural resources, The archetype of greenways could go back to the landscape axes and boulevards of Europe in the 18^th century and later tire parkways of USA in the late 19^th century . As a means of urban ecological planning, greenway planning is getting more and more important to sustainable development in urban areas and has become a worldwide activity or a movement. This paper reviews the evolution of greenways and identifies it into three distinct stages or “generations ”. introduces a general methodology of greenway planning, and expounds the functions of greenways to ecotitles. At the end. this paper emphasizes that it is significant to enhance the research and implementation of greenway planning in our country in the case that urbanization will be developing qulckly in the next decades.     

哈尔滨城市交通发展的问题和对策

过去的20年,哈尔滨获得了前所未有的发展,道路交通建设和交通管理取得了很大成绩。但是,出现的交通拥挤堵塞问题也非常严重。解决城市交通拥堵,应大力发展公共交通,培养一支高素质的城市客运经营管理队伍,建设一系列配套齐全的城市客运服务设施,使哈尔滨的市内交通得以改善。     

从电动自行车行业谈新兴行业发展中的难题

新兴行业中的企业往往面临着诸如产品质量不稳定、缺乏统一的行业标准、缺乏完善的售后服务、政府部门的限制等难题。电动自行车作为近年来中国经济发展中的行业新亮点,具有其他交通工具不可替代的优势和广泛的市场需求,但也不可避免地面临同样的困境。只有依靠企业、政府、消费者的正确认识和协作,才能保证电动自行车这一新兴行业走上健康、可持续发展的道路。     

电动摩托车和电动自行车争议辨析

本文针对目前社会上就国家标准化管理委员会发布的4项电摩标准所引起的有关电动摩托车和电动自行车标准的争议,分别从法律层面、标准层面逐一对其差异进行了清晰、明确的阐述,并观点鲜明地指出电动摩托车和电动自行车是两种完全不同类型的产品,国家发布的电摩标准同样也不适用于电动自行车：最后,文章还就本项争议的原因作了言简意赅的分析和评价。